National Security

Policy Stories

Contributing Scholar: Frank Dikötter

China: Empire of Illusion

China’s global image of strength—built on growth, infrastructure, and military spectacle—masks a system shaped by state control, distorted data, and strategic propaganda, raising urgent questions about how democracies should assess Beijing’s real power to avoid costly strategic miscalculation.

China: Empire of Illusion

Up Next Securing America’s Biotech Future

China: Empire of Illusion

Comment

Published February 23, 2026

China projects an image of stability, economic dynamism, and military strength through infrastructure expansion, rapid growth, and persistent propaganda. Yet beneath this appearance lies a socialist system in which the state controls land, finance, and key industries, limiting market mechanisms and obscuring reliable economic measurement. Official statistics, heavy subsidies, and quota-driven growth complicate assessments of China’s true economic performance, while the regime’s messaging seeks to amplify perceptions of inevitable ascent and Western decline. Misjudging China—whether by underestimating or exaggerating its power—can produce serious strategic errors, making objective strategic assessment essential for democratic governments confronting tensions over Taiwan and broader geopolitical competition.

Check out more from Frank Dikötter:

Watch "Empire of Illusion: Frank Dikötter on Why China Isn’t a Superpower", Uncommon Knowledge here.
Read "China After Mao: The Rise of a Superpower" by Frank Dikötter here.
Watch "The Origins of Modern China; Is Trump 'Lost'? America, Home of the . . . Squatters?" The GoodFellows with Frank Dikötter here.

Learn more about Frank Dikötter here.

__________

The opinions expressed in this video are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Hoover Institution or Stanford University.